As global environmental change accelerates, biodiversity losses can disrupt interspecific interactions.Extinctions of mutualist partners can create "widow" species, which may face reduced ecological fitness.Hypothetically, such mutualism disruptions could have cascading effects on biodiversity by causing additional species coextinctions.However, th

Here, we present a new all-optical method of interrogation of the internal electric field vector inside proteins.The method is based on sex shop arles experimental evaluation of the permanent dipole moment change upon excitation and the pure electronic transition frequency of a fluorophore embedded in a protein matrix.The permanent dipole moment ch